{"id":2161,"date":"2021-11-03T14:03:00","date_gmt":"2021-11-03T13:03:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/?p=2161"},"modified":"2024-08-30T12:07:59","modified_gmt":"2024-08-30T11:07:59","slug":"top-hallmarks-of-ageing-and-how-to-affect-each-of-them","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/ro\/top-hallmarks-of-ageing-and-how-to-affect-each-of-them\/","title":{"rendered":"Principalele caracteristici ale \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nirii \u0219i cum s\u0103 le influen\u021b\u0103m pe fiecare \u00een parte"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>Caracteristicile \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nirii sunt schimb\u0103rile biochimice complexe \u0219i individuale care au loc \u00een organismele vii ca urmare a \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nirii biologice, ceea ce duce la pierderea integrit\u0103\u021bii fiziologice \u0219i la afectarea func\u021bion\u0103rii, f\u0103c\u00e2ndu-ne mai vulnerabili la moarte. T<span style=\"font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Open Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', sans-serif;\">Rata \u0219i efectul diferi\u021bilor markeri de senescen\u021b\u0103 variaz\u0103 de la o persoan\u0103 la alta.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Caracteristicile \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nirii au fost enun\u021bate pentru prima dat\u0103 \u00een 2013, cu scopul de a \u00een\u021belege mecanismele chimice care stau la baza procesului de \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nire. Procesul de \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nire este factorul principal care st\u0103 la baza majorit\u0103\u021bii bolilor umane, inclusiv a cancerului, a diabetului, a hipertensiunii arteriale, a oboselii, a tulbur\u0103rilor cognitive \u0219i a tulbur\u0103rilor neurodegenerative.<\/p>\n<p>Un \u201c<strong>ceasul metabolic<\/strong>\u201d este responsabil\u0103 de alterarea metabolic\u0103 \u0219i diminueaz\u0103 homeostazia metabolic\u0103 \u0219i activitatea biologic\u0103. Factorii genetici \u0219i de mediu pot agrava caracteristicile \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nirii. Fiecare dintre aceste caracteristici reflect\u0103 apari\u021bia \u0219i acumularea unor circumstan\u021be responsabile de diferite tipuri de patologii legate de v\u00e2rst\u0103 \u00een organismul uman.<\/p>\n<h2>Principalele caracteristici ale \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nirii<\/h2>\n<p>Caracteristicile \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nirii determin\u0103 diferen\u021ba dintre v\u00e2rsta cronologic\u0103 \u0219i cea biologic\u0103. Cele mai importante 9 caracteristici ale \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nirii sunt rezumate mai jos:<\/p>\n<h2>1. Instabilitatea genomic\u0103<\/h2>\n<p>Un numitor comun asociat cu \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nirea este acumularea de celule afectate genetic. Fiecare celul\u0103 a corpului uman este alc\u0103tuit\u0103 din <a title=\"Caracteristicile \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nirii\" href=\"https:\/\/www.afar.org\/hallmarksofaging\">3 miliarde de litere pe lan\u021bul de ADN<\/a>, cu excep\u021bia globulelor ro\u0219ii, determin\u0103 complexitatea genomului nostru. Func\u021bionarea corect\u0103 a genomului uman este de o importan\u021b\u0103 capital\u0103 pentru buna func\u021bionare a organismului nostru, dar, din p\u0103cate, mai mul\u021bi factori \u00eempiedic\u0103 aceast\u0103 func\u021bionare f\u0103r\u0103 probleme. Combina\u021bia dintre factorii exogeni (radia\u021biile \u0219i poluarea), factorii endogeni (radicalii liberi de oxigen) \u0219i caracteristicile biologice \u0219i chimice ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 constant pentru a distruge buna func\u021bionare a genomului nostru.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2166 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/genomic-instability.jpg\" alt=\"Imagine cu spirala ADN-ului care se rupe, pierz\u00e2ndu-\u0219i datele\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1000\" srcset=\"https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/genomic-instability.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/genomic-instability-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/genomic-instability-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/genomic-instability-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/genomic-instability-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/genomic-instability-60x40.jpg 60w, https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/genomic-instability-110x73.jpg 110w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\"><\/div>\n<p><strong> De p\u00e2n\u0103 la un milion de ori<\/strong>, distrugerea \u0219i repararea ADN-ului din fiecare celul\u0103 este un fapt surprinz\u0103tor. De\u0219i procesul de codificare \u0219i transcriere a ADN-ului poate compensa cea mai mare parte a pierderilor, acesta \u00ee\u0219i pierde func\u021bionalitatea pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nim, iar procesul de reparare nu este perfect.<\/p>\n<h3>Boli asociate cu instabilitatea genomic\u0103:<\/h3>\n<p>Acumularea celulelor cu ADN deteriorat provoac\u0103 afec\u021biuni legate de \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nirea prematur\u0103, cum ar fi <strong>Sindromul Bloom \u0219i sindromul Werner.<\/strong> Cancerul este, de asemenea, un exemplu de celule cu ADN deteriorat iremediabil, at\u00e2t la oameni, c\u00e2t \u0219i la \u0219oareci. Bolile neurodegenerative \u0219i bolile neuromusculare sunt consecin\u021be ale caracteristicilor specifice \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nirii.<\/p>\n<h3>Abordarea impactului asupra mediului:<\/h3>\n<p>Riscul de <a title=\"O nou\u0103 abordare a caracteristicilor \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nirii pentru identificarea markerilor v\u00e2rstei biologice\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.14283\/jpad.2019.50\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Instabilitatea genomic\u0103<\/a> poate fi prevenit\u0103 prin evitarea expunerii la razele ultraviolete \u0219i la substan\u021bele cancerigene, precum \u0219i prin g\u0103sirea unei solu\u021bii pentru combaterea malnutri\u021biei. <a title=\"Cauzele instabilit\u0103\u021bii genomului: efectul expunerii la substan\u021be chimice \u00een doze mici \u00een societatea modern\u0103\" href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/carcin\/article\/36\/Suppl_1\/S61\/311923\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Expunerea la substan\u021be chimice<\/a> \u00een afar\u0103 de substan\u021bele cancerigene, cum ar fi metalele grele, acrilamida, benomilul \u0219i chinona, contribuie \u00een mod semnificativ la apari\u021bia markerilor de senescen\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Scurtarea telomerilor<\/h2>\n<p><strong>\u00cen timpul procesului de acumulare a ADN-ului, regiunile telomerice sunt mai vulnerabile; acestea sunt secven\u021be nucleotidice progresive din cromozomii liniari \u0219i sunt asociate cu proteine. Rolul lor este de a preveni degradarea extremit\u0103\u021bilor cromozomilor \u0219i de a asigura men\u021binerea structurii liniare a cromozomilor, \u00een locul celei dublu-catenare.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-2165\" src=\"https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/telomere-shortening-opt.jpg\" alt=\"Vizualizare grafic\u0103 a scurt\u0103rii telomerilor, una dintre caracteristicile distinctive ale \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nirii\" width=\"982\" height=\"409\" srcset=\"https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/telomere-shortening-opt.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/telomere-shortening-opt-600x250.jpg 600w, https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/telomere-shortening-opt-300x125.jpg 300w, https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/telomere-shortening-opt-1024x427.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/telomere-shortening-opt-768x320.jpg 768w, https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/telomere-shortening-opt-60x25.jpg 60w, https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/telomere-shortening-opt-110x46.jpg 110w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 982px) 100vw, 982px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Absen\u021ba telomerazei duce la deteriorarea repetat\u0103 a ADN-ului, ceea ce determin\u0103 scurtarea telomerilor \u0219i, \u00een cele din urm\u0103, duce la apoptoz\u0103.<\/p>\n<h3>Boli asociate cu scurtarea telomerilor:<\/h3>\n<p>Apari\u021bia unor boli precoce, cum ar fi <strong>Fibroz\u0103 pulmonar\u0103, anemie aplastic\u0103, diskeratoz\u0103 congenital\u0103<\/strong> sunt consecin\u021bele scurt\u0103rii telomerilor cauzate de deficien\u021ba unei componente a complexului shelterin. Pierderea excesiv\u0103 a telomerilor duce la o deficien\u021b\u0103 a \u021besutului regenerativ \u0219i accelereaz\u0103 procesul de \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nire.<\/p>\n<p>Studiile de cercetare indic\u0103 existen\u021ba unei rela\u021bii directe \u00eentre lungimea telomerilor, senescen\u021ba \u0219i \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nirea. <strong>Studiile pe \u0219oareci arat\u0103 c\u0103 telomerele scurte reduc durata vie\u021bii, \u00een timp ce telomerele lungi o prelungesc.<\/strong> De asemenea, scurtarea telomerilor este considerat\u0103 o cauz\u0103 important\u0103 a mortalit\u0103\u021bii crescute \u00een r\u00e2ndul tinerilor. Prin urmare, activarea telomerilor poate inversa procesul de \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nire. Dezactivarea enzimei telomeraz\u0103 la om previne scurtarea telomerilor \u0219i restabile\u0219te lungimea acestora.<\/p>\n<h3>Abordarea impactului uman:<\/h3>\n<p>Putem <a title=\"Studiul a eviden\u021biat faptul c\u0103 femeile cu deficit de vitamina D3 au telomere mai scurte \u00een compara\u021bie cu femeile de aceea\u0219i v\u00e2rst\u0103 care prezint\u0103 niveluri ridicate de vitamina D3.\" href=\"\/ro\/vitamina-d3-si-anti-imbatranire-ghidul-longevitatii\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">S\u0103 reduc\u0103 riscul de scurtare a telomerilor<\/a> de:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Restric\u021bia alimentar\u0103, o diet\u0103 bogat\u0103 \u00een fibre, cu mul\u021bi antioxidan\u021bi \u0219i pu\u021bine proteine sunt antidoturile naturale \u00eempotriva scurt\u0103rii telomerilor.<\/li>\n<li>Renun\u021barea la fumat \u0219i men\u021binerea unui mediu lipsit de poluare fac minuni \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te inversarea markerilor de \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nire.<\/li>\n<li>Exerci\u021biile fizice, activit\u0103\u021bile fizice adecvate \u0219i un mediu lipsit de stres pot reduce riscul de scurtare a telomerilor la un nivel optim.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>3. Modific\u0103ri epigenetice<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Secven\u021bele lungi de catenele de ADN sunt \u00eenf\u0103\u0219urate \u00een jurul histonelor, care sunt alc\u0103tuite din manivele, p\u00e2rghii \u0219i m\u00e2nere menite s\u0103 \u00eenf\u0103\u0219oare catenele de ADN \u0219i s\u0103 le activeze sau s\u0103 le dezactiveze. Aceste manivele, p\u00e2rghii \u0219i m\u00e2nere alc\u0103tuiesc epigenomul t\u0103u.\u00a0<\/strong>Pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nim, se observ\u0103 o modificare semnificativ\u0103 a epigenomului, iar \u201emanetele\u201d se pierd sau se schimb\u0103 brusc. Sirtuina elimin\u0103 \u201em\u00e2nerul\u201d epigenetic, iar, \u00een mod surprinz\u0103tor, po\u021bi regla \u201emaneta\u201d \u0219i \u201em\u00e2nerul\u201d din epigenomul t\u0103u prin exerci\u021bii fizice intense, factori farmaceutici, stilul de via\u021b\u0103 \u0219i dieta.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone  wp-image-2164\" src=\"https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/epigenetics-alteration.jpg\" alt=\"Ilustra\u021bie privind microARN-urile; Modific\u0103rile epigenetice reprezint\u0103 una dintre caracteristicile definitorii ale \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nirii\" width=\"1098\" height=\"732\" srcset=\"https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/epigenetics-alteration.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/epigenetics-alteration-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/epigenetics-alteration-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/epigenetics-alteration-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/epigenetics-alteration-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/epigenetics-alteration-60x40.jpg 60w, https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/epigenetics-alteration-110x73.jpg 110w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1098px) 100vw, 1098px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Epigenetica, ca tr\u0103s\u0103tur\u0103 caracteristic\u0103 a \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nirii, este observat\u0103 la \u0219oareci, drojdii, mu\u0219te \u0219i viermi. Studiile au sugerat c\u0103 suplimentele alimentare pot modifica schimb\u0103rile epigenetice la \u0219oareci, iar \u0219oarecii cu deficit de sirtuine erau mai susceptibili la \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nire dec\u00e2t cei cu niveluri ridicate de sirtuine.<\/p>\n<h3>Boli asociate cu modific\u0103ri epigenetice:<\/h3>\n<p>Sindromul progeroid se observ\u0103 \u00een principal la persoanele cu perturb\u0103ri epigenetice. Gena STIR6 este responsabil\u0103 de longevitatea s\u0103n\u0103toas\u0103 la \u0219oareci; pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nim, cantitatea de NAD din organismul nostru scade, aceasta fiind utilizat\u0103 ca cofactor de c\u0103tre enzimele sirtuine. A\u0219adar, pierderea NAD \u00eenseamn\u0103 pierderea sirtuinelor, iar pierderea sirtuinelor \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nire accelerat\u0103.<\/p>\n<h3>Abordarea impactului uman:<\/h3>\n<p>Un om poate influen\u021ba sau <a title=\"Cercet\u0103ri \u00een domeniul epigeneticii \u0219i al stilului de via\u021b\u0103\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3752894\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a preveni modific\u0103rile epigenetice <\/a>marcator de senescen\u021b\u0103 \u00een diverse moduri.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Un stil de via\u021b\u0103 s\u0103n\u0103tos<\/li>\n<li>Reducerea fumatului<\/li>\n<li>Reducerea muncii pe timp de noapte<\/li>\n<li>Reducerea consumului de alcool<\/li>\n<li>Un mediu f\u0103r\u0103 poluan\u021bi<\/li>\n<li>Prevenirea obezit\u0103\u021bii cronice<\/li>\n<li>Evit\u0103 stresul<\/li>\n<li>Evitarea diferitelor substan\u021be chimice organice \u0219i anorganice<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. Pierderea proteostazei<\/h2>\n<p>Genele trebuie s\u0103 sintetizeze proteine, care reprezint\u0103 inima \u0219i sufletul fiec\u0103rui organism viu. Men\u021binerea proteinelor \u00eenseamn\u0103 men\u021binerea aproape a \u00eentregii structuri a organismului.<strong> Procesul de sintez\u0103 \u0219i men\u021binerea echilibrului structural al proteinelor se nume\u0219te proteostaz\u0103.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tulbur\u0103rile homeostaziei proteice sau ale proteostazei sunt implicate \u00een diverse boli legate de \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nire. <strong>Mecanismul de proteostaz\u0103 are rolul de a asigura stabilizarea structurii corecte a lan\u021burilor proteice, precum proteinele de \u0219oc termic, \u0219i de a monitoriza mecanismul de degradare a proteinelor de c\u0103tre lizozomi, precum \u0219i factorii care regleaz\u0103 proteotoxicitatea asociat\u0103 \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nirii.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Astfel, gestionarea simultan\u0103 a tuturor acestor mecanisme restabile\u0219te lan\u021burile polipeptidice pliate incorect, le \u00eendep\u0103rteaz\u0103 sau le elimin\u0103 complet pentru a evita acumularea de fragmente degradate \u0219i pentru re\u00eennoirea continu\u0103 a componentelor intracelulare, at\u00e2t la \u0219oareci, c\u00e2t \u0219i la oameni. Agregarea proteinelor pliate incorect duce la apari\u021bia toxicit\u0103\u021bii \u00een organism.<\/p>\n<h3>Boli asociate cu pierderea proteostazei:<\/h3>\n<p>Pierderea proteostazei, plierea incorect\u0103 cronic\u0103 a polipeptidelor \u0219i agregarea componentelor deteriorate duc la apari\u021bia \u00een num\u0103r tot mai mare a unor patologii legate de v\u00e2rst\u0103, precum cataracta, <strong>Boala Parkinson \u0219i boala Alzheimer<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3>Abordarea impactului uman:<\/h3>\n<p>Cum putem influen\u021ba sau evita riscul pierderii proteostazei \u2013 unul dintre semnele distinctive ale \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nirii? Este simplu: principalul factor care st\u0103 la baza markerului de senescen\u021b\u0103 asociat pierderii proteostazei este stresul; a\u0219adar, \u00eenconjoar\u0103-te de un mediu fericit \u0219i vesel pentru a te feri de stres \u0219i a-\u021bi prelungi durata de via\u021b\u0103. Presiunea moderat\u0103 este, de asemenea, benefic\u0103 pentru buna func\u021bionare a organismului, dar nu \u0219i stresul acut.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Detectarea brusc\u0103 a nutrien\u021bilor<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Capacitatea celulei de a recunoa\u0219te \u0219i de a distinge o anumit\u0103 substan\u021b\u0103 chimic\u0103, precum \u0219i reac\u021bia acesteia la concentra\u021bia de macronutrien\u021bi esen\u021biali din organism se nume\u0219te <a title=\"Caracteristicile \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nirii: beneficiile exerci\u021biilor fizice\" href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fendo.2018.00258\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">detectarea nutrien\u021bilor<\/a>.<\/strong> C\u00e2nd ai mul\u021bi macronutrien\u021bi, anabolismul \u00eencepe prin mecanismul mTOR. C\u00e2nd nu ai destui nutrien\u021bi \u0219i energie, AMPK ar trebui s\u0103 opreasc\u0103 mecanismul mTOR ca s\u0103 stocheze ce nutrien\u021bi mai ai.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00cen organismele \u00een cre\u0219tere<\/strong>, mecanismul mTOR este pe deplin activat, \u00een timp ce la adul\u021bi acesta se reduce \u00eentr-o oarecare m\u0103sur\u0103. Este o lege a naturii ca aportul de nutrien\u021bi \u00een organismul animalelor s\u0103 le stimuleze cre\u0219terea \u0219i reproducerea. Cu toate acestea, \u00een condi\u021bii de penurie de nutrien\u021bi, animalele se concentreaz\u0103 mai mult pe supravie\u021buire, regenerare \u0219i men\u021binerea st\u0103rii de s\u0103n\u0103tate.<\/p>\n<p>S-au f\u0103cut multe cercet\u0103ri prin activarea for\u021bat\u0103 a mecanismului mTOR la \u0219oareci, ceea ce a determinat ca ace\u0219tia s\u0103 \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2neasc\u0103 mai repede \u0219i s\u0103 fie mai predispu\u0219i la cancer. Dar <strong>restric\u021bia nutri\u021bional\u0103 \u0219i administrarea de rapamicin\u0103<\/strong> a dus la o longevitate mai mare la \u0219oareci, mu\u0219te \u0219i viermi.<\/p>\n<h3>Abordarea impactului uman:<\/h3>\n<p>Putem reduce riscul apari\u021biei semnelor caracteristice ale \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nirii cauzate de dereglarea percep\u021biei nutrien\u021bilor prin post, prin reducerea con\u021binutului de nutrien\u021bi din alimenta\u021bia noastr\u0103 \u0219i prin tratament medicamentos.<\/p>\n<h2>6. Disfunc\u021bia mitocondrial\u0103<\/h2>\n<p>Celulele diferite din corpul t\u0103u alc\u0103tuiesc aproape <strong>20-30 de mitocondrii<\/strong> (centrala energetic\u0103 a celulei), care transform\u0103 carbonul \u0219i oxigenul \u00een ATP \u0219i dioxid de carbon. <strong>Biogeneza \u0219i radicalii liberi din mitocondrii sunt responsabili de distrugerea tuturor celulelor care le stau \u00een cale, iar aceast\u0103 func\u021bionare brusc\u0103 a mitocondriilor duce la disfunc\u021bia mitocondrial\u0103.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2163\" src=\"https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/mitochondrial-dysfunction.jpg\" alt=\"Imagine 3D a unei mitocondrii dintr-o celul\u0103 uman\u0103\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1000\" srcset=\"https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/mitochondrial-dysfunction.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/mitochondrial-dysfunction-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/mitochondrial-dysfunction-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/mitochondrial-dysfunction-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/mitochondrial-dysfunction-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/mitochondrial-dysfunction-60x40.jpg 60w, https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/mitochondrial-dysfunction-110x73.jpg 110w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>ROS joac\u0103 un rol \u00een procesul de \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nire, iar se poate considera c\u0103 o sc\u0103dere a nivelului de ROS poate contribui la prelungirea duratei de via\u021b\u0103. Uneori, ROS nu afecteaz\u0103 s\u0103n\u0103tatea, iar alteori sunt responsabile de stresul de semnalizare celular\u0103. R\u0103spunsul la stres poate contribui la men\u021binerea \u0219i rezisten\u021ba multor organe \u0219i \u021besuturi. Prin urmare, este esen\u021bial s\u0103 se men\u021bin\u0103 cantitatea acestora la un nivel moderat, \u00een \u201ezona Goldilocks\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Disfunc\u021bia mitocondrial\u0103 afecteaz\u0103 comunicarea \u00eentre organele celulare \u0219i semnalizarea celular\u0103, prin afectarea membranelor mitocondriale, cum ar fi membrana mitocondrial\u0103 extern\u0103 \u0219i reticulul endoplasmatic. Disfunc\u021bia mitocondrial\u0103 este cauza principal\u0103 a proceselor bioenergetice degenerative \u0219i duce la epuizarea lan\u021bului respirator.<\/p>\n<h3>Abordarea impactului uman:<\/h3>\n<p>Postul \u00een zile alternate poate limita aceste semne de senescen\u021b\u0103, iar antrenamentul de anduran\u021b\u0103 poate prelungi durata de via\u021b\u0103 a unei persoane \u00eentr-o m\u0103sur\u0103 remarcabil\u0103. Postul \u0219i antrenamentul de anduran\u021b\u0103 sunt factori puternici care stimuleaz\u0103 autofagia \u0219i regenerarea de celule noi.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2162\" src=\"https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/endurance.jpg\" alt=\"Imagineaz\u0103-\u021bi o persoan\u0103 care face antrenament de rezisten\u021b\u0103\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1000\" srcset=\"https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/endurance.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/endurance-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/endurance-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/endurance-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/endurance-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/endurance-60x40.jpg 60w, https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/endurance-110x73.jpg 110w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>7. Senescen\u021ba celular\u0103<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Celula care iese din ciclul celular f\u0103r\u0103 a se colora, intr\u00e2nd \u00een stare de repaus sau \u00eencet\u00e2nd s\u0103 mai func\u021bioneze, este clasificat\u0103 \u00een categoria <a title=\"Ce sunt celulele zombie (celulele senescente) \u0219i cum putem sc\u0103pa de ele.\" href=\"\/ro\/intelegerea-celulelor-zombie-si-modul-de-a-scapa-de-ele\/\">senescen\u021ba celular\u0103<\/a>.<\/strong> Exist\u0103 diver\u0219i factori responsabili de senescen\u021ba celular\u0103, printre care scurtarea telomerilor, stresul \u0219i deteriorarea ADN-ului. Senescen\u021ba din cadrul sistemului imunitar are rolul de a elimina celulele deteriorate pentru a restabili starea normal\u0103 a celulelor.<\/p>\n<p>Gradul de senescen\u021b\u0103 celular\u0103 cre\u0219te odat\u0103 cu v\u00e2rsta ta \u0219i cu markerii inflamatori, care sunt principalii responsabili pentru \u201esemnele distinctive ale \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nirii\u201d. Ace\u0219tia sunt activi \u00eenainte de a intra \u00een starea de laten\u021b\u0103. Din p\u0103cate, nu exist\u0103 nicio modalitate de a sc\u0103pa de ei; ei continu\u0103 pur \u0219i simplu s\u0103 se acumuleze pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2ne\u0219ti \u0219i duc la apari\u021bia unor boli toxice. Dac\u0103 am g\u0103si cumva o modalitate de a elimina celulele senescente \u0219i de a sc\u0103pa de ele, ne-am putea a\u0219tepta la o cre\u0219tere semnificativ\u0103 a longevit\u0103\u021bii.<\/p>\n<p>Scurtarea telomerilor poate declan\u0219a senescen\u021ba celular\u0103, al\u0103turi de mul\u021bi al\u021bi factori. Timp de ani de zile, oamenii de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 nu au \u0219tiut cu certitudine dac\u0103 senescen\u021ba celular\u0103 este sau nu cauza cancerului. Distrugerea celulelor senescente a fost declan\u0219at\u0103 experimental la \u0219oareci pentru a observa efectul asupra duratei vie\u021bii \u0219i, din fericire, rezultatele au fost evidente, manifest\u00e2ndu-se printr-o cre\u0219tere a duratei vie\u021bii.<\/p>\n<h3>Abordarea impactului uman:<\/h3>\n<p>O alimenta\u021bie s\u0103n\u0103toas\u0103, medicamentele \u0219i un stil de via\u021b\u0103 natural pot reduce riscul de senescen\u021b\u0103 celular\u0103.<\/p>\n<h2>8. Epuizarea celulelor stem<\/h2>\n<p><strong> Celulele nediferen\u021biate care se \u00eenmul\u021besc continuu sunt clasificate sub denumirea de celule stem<\/strong>. Imediat dup\u0103 fertilizare, embrionul este alc\u0103tuit \u00een \u00eentregime din celule stem. Pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce f\u0103tul cre\u0219te treptat, \u00eencep diferen\u021bierea \u0219i diviziunea celulelor stem, iar fiecare celul\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i \u00eendepline\u0219te func\u021bia specific\u0103. La adul\u021bi, celulele stem se g\u0103sesc doar \u00een zonele implicate \u00een diviziune, care necesit\u0103 re\u00eennoire continu\u0103 (foliculii pilosi, globulele ro\u0219ii \u0219i celulele imune) sau care se uzeaz\u0103 \u00een timp (intestinul, pielea, mucoasele \u0219i pl\u0103m\u00e2nii). Astfel, celulele tale stem se epuizeaz\u0103 odat\u0103 cu trecerea timpului, ceea ce contribuie la accelerarea procesului de \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nire.<\/p>\n<p>Procesul de \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nire poate fi inversat la organisme prin \u00eentinerirea celulelor stem din s\u00e2ngele oamenilor \u0219i al \u0219oarecilor. Numai celulele stem s\u0103n\u0103toase se pot multiplica, deschiz\u00e2nd calea c\u0103tre longevitate.<\/p>\n<h3>Abordarea impactului uman:<\/h3>\n<p>Interven\u021bia alimentar\u0103, restric\u021bia caloric\u0103 \u0219i absen\u021ba obezit\u0103\u021bii sunt cheia pentru a combate acest semn distinctiv al \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nirii.<\/p>\n<h2>9. Alternan\u021ba \u00een comunicarea intercelular\u0103<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Coordonarea diferitelor \u021besuturi \u0219i celule este esen\u021bial\u0103 pentru func\u021bionarea corect\u0103 a organismului. Moleculele semnal se deplaseaz\u0103 prin s\u00e2nge pentru a comunica cu celulele. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Sistemele de profilare ale comunic\u0103rii intercelulare sunt influen\u021bate de biomarkeri de semnalizare, inclusiv de cei \u201cinflamatori\u201d. Inflama\u021bia normal\u0103 poate determina sistemul imunitar s\u0103 repare zona afectat\u0103, \u00eens\u0103 prezen\u021ba lor constant\u0103 \u0219i pe termen lung \u00eentr-o anumit\u0103 zon\u0103 poate afecta celulele sistemului imunitar.<\/p>\n<h3>Abordarea impactului uman:<\/h3>\n<p>Restric\u021bia caloric\u0103 \u0219i parabioza \u2013 unirea sistemelor circulatorii ale dou\u0103 persoane diferite \u2013 pot deschide calea c\u0103tre o comunicare intercelular\u0103 nealterat\u0103. Acest indicator al senescen\u021bei este str\u00e2ns asociat cu alte caracteristici ale \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nirii, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t, pentru a-l trata, cea mai bun\u0103 op\u021biune este s\u0103 se caute tratamente pentru celelalte caracteristici.<\/p>\n<h2>Concluzii despre caracteristicile \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nirii<\/h2>\n<p>Fiecare dintre noi trebuie s\u0103 fac\u0103 fa\u021b\u0103 unor semne caracteristice ale \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nirii \u00een diferite etape ale vie\u021bii, \u00eens\u0103 ritmul \u0219i efectul diferi\u021bilor markeri ai senescen\u021bei variaz\u0103 de la o persoan\u0103 la alta. Nu putem opri procesul de \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nire, dar omul \u00een\u021belept este cel care duce o via\u021b\u0103 s\u0103n\u0103toas\u0103, cu un impact minim al diferitelor semne ale \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nirii. Putem reduce riscul apari\u021biei altor semne ale \u00eemb\u0103tr\u00e2nirii adopt\u00e2nd un stil de via\u021b\u0103 s\u0103n\u0103tos, o diet\u0103 echilibrat\u0103, exerci\u021bii fizice, o via\u021b\u0103 fericit\u0103 \u0219i renun\u021b\u00e2nd la alcool \u0219i fumat.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hallmarks of Aging are the complex and intra-individual Biochemical changes occurring in living organisms due to biological Ageing that leads to loss of physiological integrity and impaired functioning that make us more susceptible to death. The rate and the effect of different senescence markers are different in other individuals. Hallmarks of Aging were enunciated for [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":15872,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[66],"tags":[177],"class_list":["post-2161","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-longevity","tag-longevity"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2161","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2161"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2161\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":25232,"href":"https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2161\/revisions\/25232"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15872"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2161"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2161"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/purovitalis.com\/ro\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2161"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}